Scientific Management †Frederick Taylor Essay Example for Free

Logical Management †Frederick Taylor Essay Conceptual Frederic Taylor was one of the pioneers of the board hypothesis. His work was a result of the Industrial Revolution and the severe cultural perspectives and class structures of that day. Albeit logical administration is frequently censured today, its key standards are as yet material in numerous regions of work and life. Logical Management-Fredrick Taylor Worker the executives methods and techniques are key to the viability of a business. Each business must figure out how to finish the undertakings essential for it to give its products and ventures to the commercial center. Since a business can't act except if the entirety of its workers, from understudies to the CEO, go about as a solitary group to accomplish the objectives the business has built up, it is fundamental for a business to decide how it can influence these representatives to have them produce the outcomes the business needs. Today numerous administration strategies and speculations will in general focus on the character or character of representatives and how best to influence individuals dependent on their brain research or characters. For instance, a few hypotheses place on the inspirations that can drive an individual to make a move, others on how people respond to various administration styles. The board hypotheses today perceive that representatives are a key piece of an organization and that administration speculations are not just about controlling workers. The board hypotheses must think about how to propel and urge laborers to play out their occupations. The executives hypotheses, in any case, should likewise consider the estimation of workers and that representatives have various characters and objectives. There additionally is an understanding that there can't be one administration hypothesis that chips away at all representatives similarly, on a wide range of organizations, or for all administrators constantly. The distinctions in setting, work, business, supervisor, and representative should all be viewed as today. The best administration hypotheses of today are not intended to apply to all circumstances. Their engineers comprehend that various circumstances and individuals require differentâ methods and methods since today society comprehends that all individuals have singular needs and offer distinctive potential. At the hour of the mechanical upheaval, notwithstanding, there was a conviction that workers and chiefs were various classes of individuals. The idea was that individuals ought to be dealt with distinctively dependen t on their societal position. The executives strategies were not worried about â€Å"who† a representative was. Rather, the board methods were progressively worried about guaranteeing chiefs had request and power over representatives, like the manner in which a parent has over a kid. While the objective was equivalent to it is today, to accomplish organization objectives, the conviction was that work had no task to carry out other than to follow orders. There was no idea or desire that a worker could have any information or character that the business may profit by. Around then it was the job of the executives to prepare or change over an individual into what the organization required. At the point when the board however of representative or work preparing, what it thought about was not preparing that would profit the individual the worker was. Rather, preparing was believed to be equipped to improving the creation of the worker to support the representative (Berdayes). The administration style that was created in this general public, which stays one whose standards are as yet pertinent today, was â€Å"Scientific Management†. It was a style equipped to deciding the best techniques the board could expect representatives to follow so work was done most proficiently and profitably (Berdayes). Truth be told, Taylor once showed that directors/boss needed to get that: It is just when we completely understand that our obligation, just as our chance, lies in efficiently collaborating to prepare and to make this skillful man, rather than in chasing for a man whom another person has prepared, that we will be making a course for national proficiency. This announcement obviously shows the view that any man could be prepared to just follow a strategy and that would prompt incredible outcomes. In any case, to completely comprehend logical administration it is essential to comprehend the brain of the man from whom it started: Frederick Winslow Taylor (Roper). Frederick Winslow Taylor was an individual from the center or upper working classes of his time (Guru). He was conceived in 1856 into a group of Quakers, who had faith in â€Å"plain living,† (Guru). His dad was a lawyer and Taylor graduated with a degree in mechanical designing from Stevens Establishment of Technology in New Jersey (Guru). As can be normal, in view of this resume, Taylor was a piece of the executives. Truth be told, while he worked his way through school, his occupations were those of a gifted specialist, not a worker (Guru). He worked in a metal items production line as a mechanical engineer where he in the end turned into a foreman (Guru). At that point, he was advanced into the job of an exploration executive and â€Å"finally accomplished the situation of boss engineer.† (Guru). The way that Taylor was naturally introduced to a family headed by a lawyer and his capacity to go to school, despite the fact that he worked, appears to validate the way that he was from the higher classes of the time. Understudy advances and projects by the administration were not accessible at an opportunity to guarantee that understudies could bear the cost of training if their families couldn't pay for them. Taylor’s occupations, despite the fact that he filled in as a mechanical engineer for a considerable length of time, additionally show that he was never a worker on a sequential construction system or an individual from that class of laborers that was most minimal in the general public of the time. Taylor’s sees, in this manner, can be seen to all the more firmly adjusted to those of chiefs and bosses than to work. A person’s see point is significantly molded by their childhood and educational encounters. Taylor’s life is practically vacant of any contact with, or association with, a normal worker. Taylor’s father was extremely fruitful as a lawyer. Taylor spent his initial adolescent years in non-public schools in France and Germany (Stearns). He at that point went to the well known Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and was set to go to Harvard University Law School (Stearns). Society at the hour of Taylor’s life was totally different from the majority rule and tolerating society of today. The individuals who lived in Taylor’s circles didn't relate or communicate with those in the lower classes (Stearns). Individuals were relied upon to be conceived in a specific class and bite the dust in that class. Individuals got the instruction expected for their group individuals to have, they worked in employments their class was relied upon to get, and they were dared to have knowledge, emotions, and musings which their â€Å"class† was generalized as having (Stearns). Taylor is regularly seen as looking â€Å"down† on the lower classes and the workers of his day (Schachter). This was the period of the Industrial Revolution, where individuals were being taken a gander at by bosses and the individu als who were building the American mechanical complex, as machines (Stearns). Similarly as a motor’s part can be supplanted, bosses thought of workers are compatible pieces of the apparatus of the sequential construction system (Stearns). Without a doubt, there are severalâ documented occurrences where Taylor discusses laborers as ailing in knowledge or being languid in their work (Schachter). Specifically, there is one case in which he watches a German bricklayer carrying out his responsibility and depicts him as languid and unintelligent because of the manner in which he plays out his work (Schachter). Be that as it may, in all actuality this â€Å"simple† man, was working all day as a bricklayer, however had likewise figured out how to buy a package of land and was building his own home, on which he would work after his ordinary twelve hour day was finished (Schachter). This was the cliché perspective on workers, that they had no reason, job, or life, nor would they be able to profit society in some other manner than as work, or a piece of the â€Å"industrial machine†. Actually, it is this perspective on such a large amount of humankind as being simply parts of an enormous modern machine that individuals, for example, Max Weber started to take a gander at the manner by which society was cheapening mankind (SJSUIE). It is intriguing, be that as it may, th at while Weber’s the board speculations were intended to acculturate creation, in the zones of humanism, his hypothesis of the executives was one that additionally can be viewed as advancing out of a fixed perspective on class and social structure. Weber’s â€Å"ideal bureaucracy† planned an arrangement of the executives in which a firm pecking order was set up (SJSUIE). Through this framework all included were to solidly know and comprehend their obligations and obligations (SJSUIE). Another arrangement of â€Å"rules† for the new modern buildings that were creating originated from Henri Fayol (Holmblad). Fayol’s work went past that of Weber to give more direction to the executives with regards to their jobs (Holmblad). Fayol built up the five rule jobs of the board as of now: to figure and plan; to compose; to order; to organize; and to control (Holmblad). Both of Weber’s and Fayol’s hypotheses are fascinating concerned distinctly with the structure of the executives or the job of those in the board (Holmblad). The perspective taken by both of these hypotheses is that the significant piece of the executives is the chiefs and work just needs to follow their managers’ orders. Thi s is consummately in accordance with the view taken of work at the timespan. It is in this general public that the hypothesis of logical administration created. Taylor was persuaded that proficiency and profitability could be gotten using investigation of movement and the utilization of that work to create effective creation strategies (Wrege). As Taylor contended, the methods of science, so regarded in the public arena, could be applied to labor (Salvendy). This would allow the disclosure of the

Factor Analysis And Confirmatory Factor Analysis Essay Example for Free

Factor Analysis And Confirmatory Factor Analysis Essay Factor investigation is an arithmetical method used to portray inconstancy in regards to watched factors as to bring down number of imperceptibly factors. Factor investigation searches for such joint varieties in light of surreptitiously shrouded factors. The watched factors are shaped as straight mixes of potential components including the blunder terms. Data achieved in regards to relationship between watched components can later be used to diminish the arrangement of factors inside a dataset. Factor investigation began in psychometrics and is applied in social sciences activities inquire about and applied sciences which manage enormous amounts of information. In brain research, factor investigation is by and large connected with knowledge search. Factor examination has been utilized to scan for factors inside an expansive scope of circles, for example, character, convictions and mentalities. Factor investigation segregates the fundamental factors that clarify the information. There are two kinds of factor investigation; chief factor examination and basic factor examination. The elements created by chief factor investigation are hypothetical as being as liner blends of factors though those produced by regular factor examination are hypothetical inert factors. Computationally, the principle distinction is that the corner to corner relationship network is subbed with regular factors in like manner factor examination. Factor examination is performed through inspecting the example of association between the watched factors. Factors which are profoundly related have a probability of being affected by elements, for example, those which are reasonably random and have a greater probability of being impacted by various components. Head segment investigation is the most across the board factor examination. Chief factor investigation looks for a direct blend of measures so that the most extreme distinction is separated structure the measures. It at that point evacuates the distinction and quest for a second liner a blend that clarifies the most extreme extent of the rest of the fluctuation. Directing a Confirmatory Factor Analysis The fundamental reason for a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is to set up the capacity of a prearranged variable model to fit inside a watched set of information. Among the typical employments of Confirmatory Factor Analysis incorporate; setting up the heaviness of a solitary factor portrayal analyzes the capacity of two contrasting models to represent a similar arrangement of information, test the noteworthiness of specific factor stacking, test the association between at least two factor loadings and furthermore to assess the united and segregate quality of a lot of measures. Directing a Confirmatory Factor Analysis The six phases included incorporate; Portraying the factor model which is the primary thing required to be done precisely to characterize the model one needs to test. This includes picking the quantity of variables and characterizing the idea of loadings among measures and factors. The stacking can be fixed at zero or some other steady number or permitted to shift inside determined imperatives. Gather the estimations through estimation of factors on same trial units. Acquire a connection grid by getting the relationship between's every one of the factors. Fit the model into information by choosing a strategy to acquire the appraisals of factor loadings which were allowed to fluctuate. The ordinary model-fitting strategy is the Maximum probability estimation that should be utilized except if the measures genuine need multivariate typicality. In such a case one can utilize Asymptotically conveyance free estimation. Assessment of model sufficiency s done when the factor model is fit the information, the factor stacking are chosen to limit the distinction between the relationship grid suggested by the model and the genuine watched framework. The measure of distinction after the best parameters have been chosen can be utilized as a measure regarding how solid the proliferation is with the information. The regularly utilized appraisal of model ampleness is the X2 integrity of fit test. Invalid theory for this test holds that the model adequacy for the information, while the other is that there a critical level f contrasts. Lamentably, this test is profoundly delicate to test size since, tests utilized in testing enormous examples by and large lead to a dismissal of invalid speculation, in any event, when factor model is appropriate. Different measurements like the Tucker-Lewis record, contrast the wellness of arranged model with an invalid portrayal. Â These insights demonstrate less affectability to test size. By contrasting these two models and other model one can is capable watch the distinction between their X 2 measurements which is practically equivalent to X2 appropriation. About al singular factor stacking tests can be contrasted with decreased and full factor models.â In circumstances where there is no correlation of full and diminished models, utilization of Root mean square blunder of guess is suggested which is n estimation of error per level of opportunity inside the model. References DeCoster, J. (1998). Diagram of Factor Analysis. Recovered on August, 16, 2010 from http://www.stat-help.co/notes.html

Dorothy L. Sayers’ Gaudy Night Essay -- Gaudy Night

Dorothy L. Sayers’ Gaudy Night When Gayle Wald composed, â€Å"Sayers’s profession composing analyst stories successfully finishes with Gaudy Night† (108), she didn't present another contention, yet proceeded with the convention that Gaudy Night doesn't fixate on the criminologist story.â Barbara Harrison even named Dorothy Sayers’s Lord Peter/Harriet Vane books, Strong Poison, Gaudy Night, and Busman’s Honeymoon, as â€Å"deliriously cheerful completion romances† (66).â The name extends the meaning of a sentiment, yet Gaudy Night in fact has almost no to do with crime.â Sayers scrambled the genuine story inside her investigator novel.â This story behind the story describes love and human relationships.â truth be told, the wrongdoings in Gaudy Night just flexibly an advantageous path for Sayers to put Lord Peter and Harriet Vane on equivalent balance to carry conclusion to their relationship.â So the story doesn't concentrate on the fathoming of a wrongdoing, in any e vent from Sayers’s purpose of view.â Lord Peter, notwithstanding, sees it differently.â As a character in the book, instead of the omniscient author, Lord Peter, indeed, fixates on settling the crime.â Sayers underlines this contention between the essayist and the analyst by making us see Lord Peter completely through the eyes of another character, Harriet Vane.â In Gaudy Night,â Sayers likewise gives the peruser a feeble plot, in any event contrasted with the remainder of her creation, and an absence of insights about the puzzle, particularly the substance of the letters.â The story itself negates one of Sayers’s since quite a while ago held convictions, that riddle and romantic tales don't, and ought to never, mix.â These realities, combined with the pretentious detail given to us about Peter and Harriet’s individual collaboration, show that Sayers had her psyche more on affection than on wrongdoing.  ... ...dy Night.â London:â V. Gollancz, 1951. Sayers, Dorothy L.â â€Å"Gaudy Night.†Ã¢ The Art of the Mystery Story:â A Collection of Critical  â â Essays.â Ed. Howard Haycraft.â New York:â Simon and Schuster, 1946.â 208-221. Sayers, Dorothy L.â â€Å"The Omnibus of Crime.†Ã¢ Detective Fiction:â A Collection of Critical  â â Essays.â Ed. Robin W. Winks.â Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:â Prentice Hall, 1980.â 53-83. Vane Dine, S. S.â â€Å"Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories.†Ã¢ The Art of the Mystery Story:  â â A Collection of Critical Essays.â Ed. Howard Haycraft.â New York:â Simon and Schuster, 1946. 189-193 Wald, Gayle F.â â€Å"Strong Poison: Love and the Novelistic in Dorothy Sayers.†Ã¢ The Cunning  â â Craft:â Original Essays on Detective Fiction and Contemporary Literary Fiction.â Ed. Ronald G. Walker and June M.  â â Frazer.â Western Illinois University, 1990.â 98-108.

Costing Systems Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Letscommunicate Ltd Introduction Letscommunicate Ltd produces mobile phones for sale in supermarkets. In todays competitive market of mobile phones with short product life cycles, it is important for mobile phone producers to develop and market products that not only meets the customers demand for features at a certain price level but also generate the desired profits. This essay analyses the benefits and limitations of using target costing and life-cycle costing systems over the existing costing and performance measures used by the company. The current techniques used by the company are useful for keeping costs under control but they do not provide an indication of either the maximum costs allowable for defined product features or profits over the total life of a product. Target costing Target costing is a method to determine the cost at which a product with specified parameters must be produced to generate the required rate of return. It involves cost analysis during the developmental phase as well to keep the overall costs below the threshold. The cost control techniques currently used by the company are useful in managing costs during production stage. However, moving cost management efforts from the production stage to the product development stage translates into higher profits because of lower costs . This is particularly useful for companies producing mobile phones for supermarkets because supermarkets drive tougher bargains. The benefits of target costing are higher if specific targets for costs and product features are established earlier in the product development cycle . Cost analysis in earlier stages of the product development may indicate whether it is feasible to produce a mobile phone that not only meet customers expectations of price and qualit y but also generates the desired returns for Letscommunicate Ltd. Also, modifications to the product in the initial development stages cost less and will increase the companys profit and ability to compete better. However, the target costing concept will take lower priority if Letscommunicate were to focus on meeting fast time-to-market demands because of shorter time to launch a mobile phone . It is also difficult to forecast price in the future due to rapid technology developments in mobile phones and changes in customer preferences . Life-cycle costing systems The competitive nature of the mobile sector means that mobile producers have to not only manage with lower profit margins and shorter product life but also spend a significant amount on developing new products and features. This means that costing methods like absorption costing systems that only look at production costs are less useful because they neglect research and development costs in evaluating profitability of a product. Life-cycle costing systems overcome this drawback as they evaluate costing from the research and development phase through to the eventual conclusion of a products life. This approach is useful in determining the overall profits from a product like a mobile phone that has high development costs and a short product life due to new products being launched constantly by competitors. The major challenge of using the life-cycle costing system is that it would be difficult for Letscommunicate to estimate full life-cycles of a mobile phone in a rapidly changing environment and increasing competition. Conclusion Target costing overcomes some of the drawbacks of the current costing and performance techniques used by Letscommunicate as it focuses on maximum allowable costs during the development phase so that the company can generate the required returns. Life-cycle costing is useful as it will incorporate high development costs and short product life in determining the feasibility of a product.

Essay Ethical Issuses of Tobacco Companies in The Insider

The movie The Insider literally provides a seeing glass perspective into the summation of ethical issues in businesses that directly affects the consumers physical and psychological health and the alleged methods that the tobacco company would resort to in order to safe guard itself from litigation and from disclosing information that will adversely affect the sale of its sole money making product yet is ultimately crucial to its customers understanding of the contents of the product that they are purchasing and its implications on their personal health. There are several ethical philosophies in play here regarding the tobacco company and these ethical issues can be explored by analyzing the myriad of interplay of relationships†¦show more content†¦Of course one could quote ethical egoism here and argue that whatever the business of a company is, it is not responsible for its consumers and is right in selling its products for profits and every individual has the right to pr otect their interests which in this case would be their individual freedom to smoke cigarettes and evaluate by themselves how harmful smoking is to them. But this principal is based on an assumption that both entities; business and consumers are isolated from each other and information about cigarettes are available to all without discrimination. And this is of course is a very false assumption as we see in the movie of the continuous denial of the tobacco company in a lawsuit and under oath of the harmful effects and addictiveness of cigarettes due to nicotine and other carcinogenic substances in it. The obvious trick used by the seven executives of the tobacco company or â€Å"seven dwarves† in a lawsuit against them is the misuse of one of the arguments for lying to protect trade secrets in business by denying that they know that the substances in its product such as nicotine and coumarin is addictive and harmful to the user or smoker. Thus in conclusion the business itsel f is based on a premise of knowingly selling products that are absolutely injurious to the health of the consumer yet defending its interests by invoking their rights as a business to protect itself from disclosing information that will be used by other

Malcolm X And Maya Angelou And A Homemade Education

Blacks in the United States have had to persistently fight against torture, racism, and segregation and still do. For years, in the United States people of color were not given the same rights as white men. In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X, the authors discuss their experiences and fight against inequality. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou were just a few of the hundreds of thousands of blacks who restlessly fought for civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou showed that in the face of adversity to persevere you must always remain strong and steadfast if you wish to succeed. Even with Malcolm X and Maya†¦show more content†¦But Henry Reed, a close friend of Maya Angelou and valedictorian, showed them all that no matter what obstacles they face they have and will always overcome them. Reed sang â€Å"We have come over a way that with tears has been watered, We have come, treading our path through the blood of the slaughtered.† describing how much struggle their fathers have encountered to get to where they are today and even though there is much more to fight for they must continue forward. Maya Angelou and the rest of the men and women gained their confidence again, saying â€Å"We were on top again, as always, again. We survived.†(Maya Angelou 86). Donleavy may have put Maya Angelou’s confidence in a bright future down for a moment, but in the end she stood strong and believed in her strength to overcome any obstacle. Malcolm X like Maya Angelou struggled in his reach for higher education. He received only up to an 8th grade education and because of the lack of direction for a young black man strayed away and ended up in prison. Malcolm X however, turned his prison experience into a lesson by spending his time homeschooling himself, he â€Å"became increasing ly frustrated at not being able to express what I wanted to convey in the letters I wrote...But now, trying to write simple English, I not only wasn’t articulate, I wasn’t even functional.† (Malcolm X). He learned that he must persist if he was to achieve his goals, he wanted to be able to command attention likeShow MoreRelatedAn Essential Factor For African American1636 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr., Maya Angelou, and Malcolm X, equality for blacks was made possible. It is invariably true that persistence is demonstrated in the works: â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X despite the oppositions these writers faced while trying to accomplish goals of racial equality to educational attainment. Persistency is relentlessly revealed by Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X as they face obstaclesRead MoreA Homemade Education By Mal colm X And Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1796 Words   |  8 Pagesperseverance and persistence is exemplified through the works of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and Maya Angelou who are defying social norms by revolting against racial injustice and educational inequality. Based on the texts, â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou, â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., it is clear that the writers/ narrators show a great deal of persistence. Malcolm X learns how to read using a dictionary, Martin Luther King manages

Selena project free essay sample

Why do you think Selene was able to overcome this problem in Mexico? Why was she so popular? Different areas that speak Spanish have different dialects. Some of these areas do consider people from other areas to be outsiders. An example would be people from Mexico are not necessarily accepting of people from Puerco Rice because they consider the Puerco Ricans to be outsiders even though they are both Spanish speaking countries. I think Selene was able to overcome this problem in Mexico cause of her personality and she didnt try to hide her American heritage either.Selene also had a very confident approach to everything that she did. Believe she was popular because people could relate to her and they viewed her as one of them. Selene also did not allow her popularity to change her, she was still the same person she always was. 4. What was easier for Selenegalling acceptance In Chicane/Mexican/Latino/a culture or galling acceptance In Anglo/North American culture? To what degree did she succeed In crossing over? I believe it was easier for her to gain acceptance in the Chicane/Mexican/Latino/a ultra. She was able to cross over some but with her life being taken away so abruptly, early In her career, she was not able to have a complete crossover. Selene had two singles that performed well in the United States but we will never know how well she would have done If she was still alive. 5. What accounts for Galenas huge popularity among Texans, Mexican-Americans? I think that it was because the Texans could relate to Selene. She came across as a normal ordinary person rather than a star. Also, Selene always seem to present herself as a caring and kind person. Music her first love? What kind of music did she prefer as a child?No, her first love was the musical compilation of such artists as Donna Summers. Selene appeared to be partial to the music of the asss when she was a child. 7. What reason did her father give her for learning Spanish? What was his own experience at crossing over into do-hop? Who rejected him? Her father told her she was American but her heritage was also Mexican, so she should be proud of her heritage and embrace it. Galenas father only sang English songs and because of this, he was rejected by both the Americans and the Texans. 3. Why is Galenas father so amazed that for you [Selene], the borders do not exist. He was amazed because his past experiences had shown him how UN-accepting different cultures could be. 3. Is it true that now, more than 14 years since her death, Selene really did succeed in crossing over to an English-speaking, Hollywood pop audience? Do you think she Mould have become as big a star in pop music as she was in Techno music? Why or why not? Selene did cross over pretty far and is accepted by the Hollywood pop audience. I think she would have become a big star in pop music, partially because she had such underfed personality and a positive outlook on life.Selene was Just living out her dreams and wanted to keep things simple. For example, the scene in the movie Inhere she was discussing her future plans with her husband, she wanted to have children and buy a small farm. 10. Watch the video for Technophobia from Galenas Greatest Hits (and also Amour Prohibit). In one of her last hit songs, Selene mixes hip-hop, reggae, a brief heavy- metal lick, and Spanish. How does this mixture work within the authentic definition Sound) of Techno music? Is this the start of something new in U. S. Pop music? What do you think she represents musically?These do not fit in the authentic definition of Techno music. Techno music is more country-western , polka, and folk music. It was new for Techno music because other artists had not previously tried this type of combination before. I do not believe this Nas new for U. S. Pop music because other artists had already broken the barrier of this new trend of genre combinations. Selene was making a crossover to dance music similar to Paula Abdul or Madonna. 11. Also consider, Galenas husband and guitar player, Chris. Chris was a heavy metal/rock musician. Why did he agree to play in Galenas band? In what sense is culture in the U.S. Which transcend these kinds of boundaries? Chris had been in some trouble previously and Just wanted to play music. Heavy metal culture does not really have boundaries related to ethnicity. Heavy metal is more of an appearance and attitude. People do not dance to heavy metal, instead the concerts have moss-pits and head banging. The aspect of the foods different cultures eat has transcended cultural boundaries. 12. In what ways was Selene American? How can her Texan/Chicane aspects also be considered American? From a Mexican viewpoint, what aspects of Galenas life career are Mexican, which are not?Selene was born in America and spoke English as her first language. Her Texan/ Chicane aspects were derived from her being raised in Texas and taught to her by her American born parents. The Mexicans can view her Techno background as Mexican because of her heritage. Selene also focused primarily on her Techno background and became popular first in the Spanish speaking culture. 13. Racial, ethnic, national identity is not simple. The lines are blurry. Who is Latino? Nat role does language play in identity? Is a lifelong Texan Anglo (Caucasian) who speaks fluent Spanish more of a Techno than a Texas-born Chicane who speaks noSpanish at all? Can a red-haired Spanish-speaking Irish Catholic whose ancestor fought for Mexico in the Mexican-American War be considered in some way a Chicane? How about rock star Beck, whose stepfather was Chicane and who was raised in a Mexican-American neighborhood, and uses Spanish in some of his songs? Can you think of other examples? Latino are essentially people with Latin American Heritage. Language should not play a role in identity but the reality is that language does play a role. If a person speaks Spanish in America, they are considered Latino, even if they were born in America.The Texas-born Chicane would probably be considered more of a Techno. Ere red-haired Spanish-speaking Irish Catholic could be considered a Chicane if his ancestors were descendents of Mexico. I would not think that Beck would not be considered a Chicane because he does not actually have any descendents that were of Mexican heritage. Ritchie Valves is probably the best known from my generation. Unfortunately it seems the stars that die unexpectedly and sudden seem to come to memory first. Selene Gomez, Jessica Alba, Deem Lavabo, and Mario Lopez are all famous actor/actresses that are considered Mexican-American.